Constitutional Topics

Can Congress Change the Size of the Supreme Court?

Nine justices feels like a constitutional fact, the way two senators per state does. But it is not. The U.S. Constitution creates “one supreme Court.” It never says how many people must sit on it. The number nine comes from a law Congress passed, and Congress could pass a different law. That...

Selective Service and the Draft

“The draft” is one of those phrases that can make American politics feel instantly existential. It raises a blunt question: can the federal government compel you to fight? Constitutionally, the answer has long been yes. But the practical reality in 2026 is narrower and more bureaucratic than...

Citizens United v. FEC Explained

People talk about Citizens United like it flipped a single switch and suddenly “money became speech.” But the decision is narrower and stranger than the slogan. It began with a political documentary, turned into a constitutional showdown about who gets to speak during an election season, and...

D.C. Home Rule Explained

Washington, D.C. feels like it should work like any other American city. It has neighborhoods, public schools, police, courts, taxes, and a mayor who can lose an election for potholes just like anywhere else. But constitutionally, D.C. is not “anywhere else.” It is the seat of the national...

What the Solicitor General Does

Many Americans can name the Attorney General. Fewer can name the person who does some of the government’s most delicate legal work: walking into the Supreme Court and telling nine justices what the United States thinks the law means. That person is the Solicitor General, usually shortened to the...

Presidential Signing Statements Explained

You know the scene: Congress passes a bill, cameras click, pens line up on the desk, and the president signs a new law into existence. Then comes the part most people never see. Alongside the signature, the White House often releases a written statement explaining what the president thinks the law...

Brady Material and the Brady Rule

“Brady material” sounds like a technical term, like something you request on a form and receive in a neatly numbered packet. In real life, it is messier and much more constitutional law than paperwork. The Brady rule is the Supreme Court’s name for a due process command: the government cannot...

Standing to Sue in Federal Court

People talk about “taking it to federal court” like it is a civic superpower. The Constitution disagrees. Federal judges are not empowered to referee every political fight or correct every government mistake. They exist to resolve cases and controversies , and that phrase in Article III has...

Senate Advice and Consent

“Advice and consent” is one of those constitutional phrases that sounds like a polite formality, like the Senate is gently nodding along while the President runs the executive branch. In practice, it is one of the Senate’s sharpest tools. It is the mechanism that decides who becomes a Supreme...

How Congress Overrides a Presidential Veto

The President can stop a bill with a veto. But the Constitution does not treat that veto like a royal command. It treats it like a speed bump, one that becomes a wall unless Congress can prove something important: that the bill has overwhelming support even after the President has objected. That is...

The Pocket Veto Explained

The Constitution gives the President a familiar choice when Congress sends a bill to the White House: sign it into law or veto it and send it back. But there is a third option that can feel counterintuitive. The President can do nothing, and if Congress has adjourned in the right way at the right...

Natural-Born Citizen and Presidential Eligibility

The Constitution sets only a few eligibility rules for the presidency, and one phrase does most of the work: “natural born Citizen.” It is a requirement everyone recognizes and for which almost no one can point to a single, controlling definition. The result is predictable. A short clause...

Writ of Certiorari

You will hear it in headlines like it is a verdict: “The Supreme Court declined to hear the case.” But what the Court usually declines is not the merits. It declines the invitation . That invitation is called a writ of certiorari , often shortened to cert . It is the procedural gatekeeper that...

The Senate Blue Slip, Explained

Some of the most consequential power in Washington lives in places you will not find in the Constitution’s text. The Senate “blue slip” is one of those places. It is not a law. It is not a constitutional requirement. It is a Senate Judiciary Committee tradition that can slow, reshape, or stop...

Unanimous Consent in the Senate

The Senate has 100 members, debate can be extended on many questions, and it has a reputation for procedural gridlock in practice. Yet most days, it still manages to move quickly through stacks of routine work. The tool that makes that possible is unanimous consent , usually shortened to UC . UC is...

What Is a Special Counsel?

Americans tend to talk about “the DOJ” as if it is a single, unified person with one set of motives. In reality, it is a sprawling bureaucracy with thousands of attorneys, layered supervision, and a basic institutional goal: to make prosecutorial decisions that can survive scrutiny from bosses,...

Senatorial Holds Explained

The Senate is built partly around a polite fiction: that it runs on cooperation. Most days, it does. Many noncontroversial measures move by unanimous consent, many nominations get cleared in batches, and the chamber can move faster than its reputation suggests. Then one senator decides to slow...

Criminal Indictment vs Information vs Charge

You can be told you are “charged with a crime” in several different ways, by different actors, at different moments in a case. That is why the words indictment , information , complaint , and “ charge ” get used interchangeably in headlines, even though they do not mean the same thing. A...

Congressional Subpoenas Explained

A congressional subpoena is one of the sharpest tools Congress has for getting information it believes it needs to legislate, oversee the executive branch, or investigate public problems. It can look like a court subpoena. It can feel like a criminal investigation. But constitutionally and...

The Speech and Debate Clause

Members of Congress say controversial things for a living. Sometimes they say them in hearings, sometimes on the House floor, sometimes in a committee report that lands hard in the news cycle. So here is the natural question, especially when subpoenas start flying and prosecutors start asking...