Articles by Eleanor Stratton

The Articles of Confederation held promise but crumbled under strain. States acted on their own whims, with little regard for collective well-being. They printed their currencies, taxed each other's goods, and struggled to pay off war debts. Congress, powerless to tax or raise an army, sat...

Natural Rights, a foundational concept inspired by John Locke, is deeply embedded in the Constitution. Locke's theory posits that all individuals inherently possess certain rights—life, liberty, and property. These rights aren't granted by governments but are inherent to human existence....

Founders’ Vision of Religious Freedom

The American founding era encompassed a vast spectrum of religious beliefs, reflecting the diversity of the population itself. Approximately 98% of Americans of European descent identified with Protestantism , predominantly adhering to the reformed theological tradition. This demographic shaped the...

During the late 1780s, the United States faced significant challenges with its initial governing framework, the Articles of Confederation. These issues prompted the creation of the Federalist Papers, a series of essays aimed at advocating for a stronger central government under the newly proposed...

Natural law is the cornerstone behind the formation of American government. This concept has roots that stretch back to ancient philosophical traditions, having been elaborated upon by key thinkers. Thomas Aquinas, the medieval philosopher and theologian, saw natural law as part of a larger...

The Anti-Federalists emerged from a distinct historical context, preferring localized government and fearing a strong central authority would trample individual liberties. This fear wasn't unfounded, given their experience with British rule. They saw the proposed Constitution as potentially...

The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay , advocated for a strong national government through the Constitution. They believed centralized power would effectively bind the states, fostering unity and stability. Opposing them were the Anti-Federalists, including...

Thomas Paine's journey from England to America brought with it a significant shift in pace and purpose. Born in Thetford, England, on February 9, 1737, Paine's early years were marked by a sequence of professional failures. He worked variously as a corset maker, teacher, and excise officer – none...

George Washington, known as the "Father of His Country," was crucial in the creation and early leadership of the United States. As the first President, his leadership style set key precedents for future officeholders. His role as the commanding general of the Continental Army during the American...

When Alexander Hamilton entered King's College in 1773, he already had a mastery of Greek and Latin grammar. He could read three orations from Cicero and Vergil's Aeneid in the original Latin, and translate the first ten chapters of the Gospel of John from Greek into Latin. This was not uncommon...

The philosophical foundations of the United States Constitution are deeply rooted in the ideas of natural rights, separation of powers, republicanism, and the social contract. These principles were carefully considered by the Framers to create a system of governance that balances individual...

The Constitutional Convention assembled numerous Revolutionary War veterans who significantly contributed to the creation of the nation's founding document. These individuals, well-acquainted with the difficulties of wartime leadership and the shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation, provided...

Schools in wealthy areas often have more funding, better facilities, and a wider array of extracurricular activities. Meanwhile, schools in less affluent areas struggle to provide basic educational resources. This imbalance can lead to unequal opportunities for students, affecting their academic...

Mercy Otis Warren's life and work provide a compelling look into the intellectual and political currents of the American Revolution. Her writings, from satirical plays to critical essays, reflect a deep engagement with the issues of her time and offer valuable insights into the fight for American...

The Founders envisioned civic virtue as key to maintaining the American republic. Benjamin Franklin emphasized self-restraint and discipline, listing virtues like temperance, order, and sincerity in his autobiography. He believed that good citizens maintained the balance essential for governance....

The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, articulates the colonies' reasons for seeking independence from Great Britain. Jefferson presents the philosophical foundation that all men are created equal , endowed with inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the...

The Electoral College was a masterstroke by the Founding Fathers to address their concerns about direct democracy. They feared that unchecked majority rule could lead to mobocracy, where a passion-driven populace could make rash decisions. James Madison and company built a complex system, ensuring...

Abigail Adams, in her 1776 letter to John Adams, stands as a pivotal early voice for women's rights. Her sentiments transcended the domestic sphere, pushing John to "remember the ladies" while drafting new laws. Abigail exposed a truth about her era's gender dynamics, arguing that men were...

Roger Sherman, a pivotal figure in American history, offers a remarkable story of resilience and intellect. Born into humble beginnings, his journey from a self-taught scholar to a key architect of the United States Constitution is nothing short of inspiring. This account will examine Sherman's...

Throughout American history, numerous individuals have played pivotal roles in shaping the nation's journey toward independence and liberty. While some names are etched prominently in the annals of history, others remain less recognized despite their significant contributions. This article...