The U.S. Constitution, featuring profiles on Founding Fathers, a comprehensive collection of amendments, and a wealth of historical documents.
Online since 1995.
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Historical Context of the 22nd Amendment The 22nd Amendment, instituted after Franklin D. Roosevelt's lengthy stint of four terms in office, has become a critical clause for maintaining the democratic health of the U.S. presidency. Adopted in 1951, the Amendment…
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2nd Amendment & State Militia Intent
Historical Context of the Second Amendment The Second Amendment's roots can be traced to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, which allowed Protestant subjects to bear arms. This provision was crucial for ensuring personal and collective safety within the…
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US Constitution & Immigration
Original Meaning of the Citizenship Clause The Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is pivotal in American constitutional discourse, particularly around birthright citizenship. Drafted in reaction to the oppressive Black Codes and the Dred Scott decision, its purpose was to…
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Student Debt Cancellation Legality
Statutory Authority for Debt Cancellation The debate surrounding the Secretary of Education's authority to cancel student debt involves complex statutory interpretations. The Higher Education Act states that the Secretary may "compromise, waive, or release any" federal student loan "claim." Supporters…
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Campaign Finance & Constitution
What is campaign finance law? Campaign finance law regulates the influence of money in politics, designed to ensure transparency and fairness in political campaigns. Contributions can be direct, such as donations to candidates, or indirect, such as funds spent by…
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Implied Powers & Elastic Clause
Historical Context of the Necessary and Proper Clause The Necessary and Proper Clause, known as the Elastic Clause, is a crucial part of the U.S. Constitution that grants Congress the power to make laws that are necessary and proper for…
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Fifth Amendment Explained
Grand Jury and Indictment The Fifth Amendment's grand jury provision is integral to America's justice system, offering a buffer against arbitrary accusations. Grand juries determine whether sufficient evidence exists for a criminal case to proceed to trial. These juries of…
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17th Amendment Impact
Origins and Rationale of the 17th Amendment In the early 20th century, public dissatisfaction grew due to the ineffectual and often corrupt manner in which U.S. Senators were elected. State legislatures controlled the process, leading to maneuverings, stalemates, and Senate…
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Eighth Amendment Analysis
Historical Context and Evolution The Eighth Amendment, which prohibits "cruel and unusual punishments," originated from the English Bill of Rights of 1689. It reflects the American colonists' distrust of unchecked governmental power and their fear of potential abuses, as exemplified…
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11th Amendment & Sovereign Immunity
Historical Context of the 11th Amendment The Eleventh Amendment was a response to the Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia in 1793. The Court ruled that states were not protected by sovereign immunity in lawsuits brought by citizens of…